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The popular multiple star Castor (the Horseman) is one of the bright stars which make up the heads of the twins of the prominent winter constellation Gemini. Castor is the northwestern most star of the two, and slightly fainter. Even a small telescope will split Castor into two separate stars. These stars are physically bound by gravity in an orbital dance similar to the earth and moon. According to Burnham's, this pair was the first widely recognized gravitationally bound objects outside of our solar system.
A third component (C) is an 8.8 magnitude star which lies 73" distant. This star is also physically bound, very slowly orbiting the main pair. Each of the three visible stars in this system is itself a double; there are at least 6 stars total here. Each of these close pairs orbit much too closely to separate in even the largest of telescopes. We know of the existence of these stars from spectroscopic measurements. Rather than a single set of absorption lines from a single star, two sets of lines are superimposed on one another. The relative motions of the orbiting stars results in a periodic shift of each set of absorption lines. Such measurements can tell us a great deal about stars we can't even see as separate entities. The fainter "C" component
is the variable star YY Gem, an eclipsing binary. The two stars orbit
about one another every 19 hours, 32 minutes. The orbit is seen edge-on,
so twice each orbit one of the stars passes in front of the other.
When this happens the single star we see at this location can fade from
8.9 magnitude to 9.6. One of the component stars is also a flare
star, which can brighten dramatically from time to time.
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